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Foundation in Buildings

 Foundation

In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. It is the bottom most part of the structure and the last member to transfer load.  Foundation must be designed to prevent excessive settlement of the structure. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. However there is further classification of the foundation.

A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. 

Deep foundation is required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. Deep foundations are founded too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. Deep Foundation is further classified as follows:

  1. Footing

  2. Piers

  3. Piles

  4. Wells

  5. Caissons

Shallow foundations are bases whose width is greater than the depth of foundation. It is applied in cases where the good load-bearing soil. This is usually at depths <3 m below finished ground level. Shallow foundation is further classified as follows:

  1. Strip footing

  2. Spread or isolated footing

  3. Combined footing Strap or cantilever footing

  4. Mat or raft Foundation


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